End of chapter Questions

Questions 1-18

1.A The primary and secondary sectors differ due to the primary factor only get the raw materials whereas the secondary sector use the raw materials to make products.

B The tertiary sector is different to the other three sectors due to it does not produce anything, but instead is the middle man, who delivers and provides the product.

2.  I think the best way of measuring the relative importance of the economic sectors is by deciding which sectors are the most essential, EG the Primary sector I would say is the most important due to the fact without the other sectors wouldn't be able to operate.

3. Research and development belongs to the Quaternary sector.

4. A The development pathway is when jobs get replaced by machinery, so developing the job, which means less workers are needed.

B. As the economy develops so does the percentage of people working in each sector, this changes due to technology and by which sector is needed more.

5. This pie chart shows us that in a HIC the work is mainly Tertiary sector whereas in the LIC the work is mainly Primary sector.

6. A reason the tertiary sector is relatively insignificant in LICs is due to people wanting to buy products from well known brands instead from unknown brands, and the brands are not well known or trusted from LICs

7.  A feature of a post industrial country is to have a high work rate in the tertiary sector.

8.  A Informal employment is when people make money by doing un official jobs such as shoe shining or selling goods.

B Informal employment is important in LIC's since many people have to make a living from it to survive.

9. The disadvantage of informal employment is that it cannot be controlled, and can avoid tax.

10. The reason for the expansion of work in the tertiary in HIC is due to 

Oxfordshire's High-Tech Industry

1. A map to show the location of high-tech employment in oxfordshire

2. We can tell from the graph that that the industry is steadily increasing.

3. A) 

    B)

    C)

4. Because it has the highest percentage of growth in high-tech employees.

Case study. – the M4 corridor

The M4 corridor is the area either side of the M4 motorway running from London in the east of the UK across to Bristol and Cardiff in Wales. The area has become famous because of its concentration of hi-tech industries. Many hi-tech industries are footloose so not tied to a particular raw material. Therefore, they are able to look at other locational factors. The M4 corridor has become a popular location because:
Transport – The M4 road runs through the region and connects to the M25 and M5. London has five airports (including the world’s busiest international airport (Heathrow). There are also further airports in Bristol and Cardiff. A railway line also runs through the region.
Labour – there is a large pool of educated workers, not only in London, but also Swindon, Reading and Bristol.
Universities – Cardiff, Bristol, Bath, Reading and of course London have multiple universities that can not only supply skilled labour but also research and development facilities.
There are attractive areas to live nearby and enjoy recreation time.
Market – Much of the South of England is wealthy so there is a large potential market for new products.
Existing Industries – There is already existing government research facilities and other research based companies like British Aerospace and Rolls Royce in the area.
Conglomeration – If hi-tech firms group together they can share associated services. Associated companies may range from cleaning and security firms, to IT repair and research labs. By sharing services it should reduce costs and increase the amount offered.

Case study: The Global Biotechnology industry

Biotechnology is one of the so-caled high-tech industries, often located on purpose-built science parks. It is a large umbrella title to cover a range of activities that are broadly related to the modification of living organisms for human purposes. Its origins go back the the domestication of animals, the cultivation of plants and the 'improvement' of both animals and plants - i.e. making them more productive or disease resistant. Biotechnology involves applying sciences such as biology in fields such as:

• Healthcare - searching for plants with medicinal value, developing new drugs
• Food production - Development of genetically modified (GM) crops and livestock
• Industrial use of crops -vegetable oils and biofuels
• The environment - recycling, treating waste and cleaning up polluted sites
• Warfare - the development of biological weaponry.

Biotechnology is primarily a quaternary activity since it is largely about research and development and serves all three of the other sectors. A basic location factor is a good supply of graduate scientists. It is this that perhaps explains why most all of the worlds biotechnology firms are located in HICs. Most of these firms have links with university research departments.

Once these firms come up with a good product, such as a new malaria drug, it will set up a factory to mass produce it. It is likely that such a factory could be set up anywhere in the world where labour and land are cheap. It would not be need to be located near the HIC it was developed at.

The changing location of manufacturing

The global distribution of manufacturing is very uneven. The great majority of the worlds  manufacturing  production is concentrated in a small number of countries. In fact, over 50% is accounted for by three counties, USA, China and Japan.

Despite the fact that manufacturing today is highly concentrated, the distribution pattern is a changing one. If we were to compare the current situation with that of 50 years ago, significant Global shifts would be apparent.  Since 1970, the HIC's share the world of manufacturing declined from 88% to 70%. Today around 25% of manufacturing production occurs in MICs particularly the so called emergent economies of China, Brazil, Russia and India.

The location of manufacturing has always been influenced by factors such as raw materials, energy, labour, markets, transport and land. Those factors are still influential, but there relative importance has changed and with it the location of todays manufacturing. There have been six particularly important developments:

• Transnational corporations (TNCs) - the emergence of huge companies that control much of the worlds manufacturing. These companies are locating their factories in the cheapest and therefore most profitable locations.
• Transport - Now much faster and cheaper. Therefore distance, say from raw materials or markets, is no longer as significant as it used to be.
• Communications - because of the speed and efficiency of modern communications, a manufacturing company can keep in immediate touch with factories scattered in different counties.
• Energy - much modern manufacturing relies on electricity as its main source of energy. Due to national grid systems, this form of energy can be made available almost anywhere.
• Governments - these are increasingly influencing the distribution of manufacturing. They are able to tempt industrialists to set up factories within their borders by various incentives, such as exemption from taxes or cheap read-made factory buildings.
• New branches of manufacturing - manufacturing is no longer just about making heavy goods such as steel, ships and chemicals. Manufacturing today is very much about making a widening range of consumer products such as electrical and electronic goods, clothes and furniture. Because of the four previous developments, the location of the production of these kinds of products is described as 'Footloose'. In other words their location is no longer tied by location factors such as the nearness of raw materials and markets.

Informal sector

In LICs large numbers of people are migrating from rural to urban areas. These people are seeking work and regular wage, and believe the cities and towns are better for this. Whilst its true that there are more job opportunities and higher wages, there often more peopler working moving into the area all the time, meaning in order to get a job they have to work for less, The wages are so low that they are not enough for the worker and his family to live on, and so they find ways of making a living outside the normal job market.

This informal activity might involve selling matches or shoelaces on the street, ice-cream vending, shoe shining, rubbish collecting or other types of waste for recycling. Some are so desperate they resort to begging, petty crime or prostitution. Informal economic activities fall mainly within the tertiary sector.

A  group of informal activities falls under the heading of paratransit. These are because inadequate official transport in LIC towns and cities. They usually take the f

orm of minibuses, hand drawn and motored rickshaws, scooters and pedicabs. Whilst these do well due to meeting the demands in price and availability they also lead to congestion and overloaded roads.

The growth and location of terry and quaternary activities

• It is able to afford more and better social services, such as schools, medical centres, hospitals and libraries.
• People earn more money and have money to spend in the shops on 'basic' things, such as food and clothing.
• After they have brought the 'basic's, people have more money left (disposable income) to spend on 'Luxuries', such as entertainment, holidays, eating out and recreation.
• Peoples tastes change and this impacts on the terry sector. For example cinemas have closed because many people now prefer to watch DVDs at home.
• New technology creates and makes possible new services. Think of all those new services connected with ICT - Broadband service providers, website designers, mobile phone networks, software programmers and the servicing of PC's and laptops.

•       A. The primary and secondary sectors differ due to the primary factor is the producer of the materials and the secondary sector is the conversion
•     The tertiary sector is different due to it being the sector which provide goods and services to the public, although they do not produce them.
•       Do not understand the question.
•      Research is part of the tertiary sector.
•      A. The development pathway is from LEDC to MEDC and is a rating style for cities.
•      B  

Economic Activity and Energy

Primary Sector Activities

These involve the ext ration of raw materials to be supplied to different industries. E.G Farming, forestry, mining and fishing.

Secondary Sector Activities

These are where the raw materials are converted and made into finished products. E.G Food processing, manufacturing, assembling and building

Tertiary Sector Activities

These are jobs which help providing goods and services to the public. E.G Transport, Retail, medicine and catering.

Quaternary Sector Activities

These are people who provide specialist information to all the above sectors. E.G Research, design engineering, computer programming and financial managing.

Changes Over Time

As a country develops, the proportion employed in the primary sector decreases and the proportion of employed people in the secondary sector increases.

Case Study: sector shifts seen in three countries.

The UK was the first industrial nation, and started the industrial revolution and 40% of income used to be from industrial work, although that figure has now gone to 24% and manufacturing which was once done in the UK is now done in places like China and