International migration, Mexico to USA

Migration from Mexico to the United States Of America primarily involves the movement of Mexicans from Mexico to the southern states of America which border Mexico. In America, it starts in California and ends in Texas (east to west). Due to their proximity to the border & the high availability of work in these states, the majority of Mexicans move to California followed by Texas. 

Many Mexicans from rural communities migrate to America, the majority being males who move to America and then send money back to their families in Mexico. Many of these immigrants enter the country illegally, which often requires them to cross a large desert that separates Mexico and America and the Rio Grande. These journeys are dangerous and many immigrants have died, or nearly died, trying to cross into America through these routes.

Push Factors Poor medical facilities - 1800 per doctor Low paid jobs - (GNP = $3750) Adult literacy rates 55% - poor education prospects Life expectancy 72 yrs 40% Unemployed

Pull Factors Excellent medical facilities - 400 per doctor Well paid jobs - GNP = $24,750) Adult literacy rates 99% - good education prospects Life expectancy 76 yrs Many jobs available for low paid workers such as Mexicans

What are Push and and Pull factors? 

Push and pull factors are the factors which are the negative and positive factors of 

The impacts of mass tourism

Package holidays are a large part of Mass Tourism, this is a branch of tourism which large TNCs shape developments according to global demand. It is a large scale, commercial, Focused on popular destinations but does not give much back to the local community. Mass tourism has brought positives and negatives, mainly economic, socio-cultural and environmental. 

Countries which have positives impacts from tourism are Southern Europe, the middle east, Africa, southeast Asia and central America. These countries benefit from tourisms effects by being labour intensive, which creates many jobs, not just in hotels and restaurants but in other tourist services such as transport, this helps the local economy grow. There is a downside though, such as many large tourism agencies are owned by large companies, which take most the profit, not helping the local economy as much as it could and taking up to 90% of the trips cost.

Tourisms effect on culture is mainly negative, with the disruption of current culture and bringing in new culture, wiping out the original  culture. Also the more people at a location the more likely there is to be tension with local people since tourists can easily offend traditional values of local people, and/or codes of behaviour in a  number of ways.

There is also mainly a negative impact on environment with traveling CO2 emissions and the waste the tourists create, although ecotourism does provide an opportunity for people to learn about the environment and become more supportive of environmental conservation.

Case study on Bhutan

(Above the Flag of The Kingdom Bhutan)
Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is landlocked country in South Asia located at the eastern end of the Himalayas. It is bordered to the north by China and to the south, east and west by India. To the west, it is separated from Nepal by the Indian state of Sikkim, who further south it is serrated from Bangladesh by the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal. Bhutan's Capital and largest city is Thimphu.

Bhutan is known for its beautiful scenery of Mountains and undisturbed wildlife. With amazing views and near/accessible to other countries due to being on the multiple borders and being a small country. Bhutan is also known for architecture and structures in the mountains.

Tourism

Globalisation is not just about manufacturing. As the Tesco case study (page 219) has illustrated, it is also about services. No service has grown and spread more spectacular over the last 50 years than tourism. today around 900 million people become international tourists each year - that is equivalent to more then one tenth of the worlds population.

 Unfinished?

Global shift in manufacture

The global economy is not only expanding in size and extent, it is also changing. For example, new services are appearing within the tertiary and quaternary sectors. Advances in technology are creating new branches of manufacturing, most notably the high-tech industries. Modern communications are leading to new ways of working and new work locations. Teleworking and outsourcing are two such examples. However no less significant is that established branches of manufacturing are shifting their locations. Basically from HIC's to MIC's and LIC's

Benidorm

Benidorm is one of the most traditional sun and sand tourist destinations of the Mediterranean coast of Spain. We are going to use it for an example of the tourism increase in Spain. Benidorm has 80,000 residents but over 1.5 million visitors per year. Due to tourism it has the highest density of skyscrapers per resident in the

world.

Due to its mild weather it is a popular choice for most the year. The hotels located on Benidorm are mainly independent hotels, followed by Benidorm companies and local companies. Due to the stable relationship between businesses in target countries (UK, Netherlands, Norway) it has a constant flow of tourists. Due to the demands of the tourists the original beach destination now has theme parks, golf courses, plays and productions and other non traditional entertainment attractions.

Before 1950 Benidorm was a fishermen’s village, although shortly after national tourism started in the village. Two years after this there were already suffering local businesses such as one of the biggest tuna fishery’s.  In 1956 there was a general urban development plan in Benidorm to make it a tourist devoted town for the main beaches. By 1959 there were four new hotels and a international Benidorm song festival. This also achieved Benidorm to become more accustomed to the tourism, allowing things the tourists brought such as the use of bikinis and in local towns.

Other the next 10 years Benidorm increased massively with over 50 new hotels being constructed, with the start of large tourist attractions being built such as a bull fighting square. The second General Urban Development plan was introduced which allowed skyscrapers and a low local residence in the town. At the end of this decade a large step to international tourism was introduced in the form of Alcante Airport, and five years later a motorway was built between the airport and Benidorm. Benidorm also became more efficient in the fact that

Transnational corporations

Globalisation has resulted in many businesses setting up or buying operations in other countries. When a foreign company invests in a country, perhaps by building a factory or a shop, this is called inward investment. Companies that operate in several countries are called multinational corporations (MNCs) or transnational corporations (TNCs). The US fast-food chain McDonald's is a large MNC - it has nearly 30,000 restaurants in 119 countries.

Rio Tinto, A Multinational Company

Questions at end of booklet:
1.a. A multinational company is a company which deals throughout the world.
B. TNC trans national corporation
c. Due to the ease of transport and modern technologies such as email.
2.It is a British and Australian company involved in locating, extracting and processing some of the Earths most valuable minerals, therefore it is in the primary sector.
3.a. The advantages can be bigger profits and more Jobs, disadvantages include tax evasion and making other smaller companies go out of business.
b. We could get a TNC to do it for us, and give people jobs and to pay tax.
4. N/A
5.  From USA and Mongolia.
6. N/A
7. The titanium oxide companies.
8. As a company Rio Tinto is aware of the need to ensure that its worldwide operations deliver 'best practice'. The aim is to ensure that any damaging social, economic and environmental effects as a result of exploitation of a mineral reserve anywhere in the world are kept to a minimum.
9. The company was formed in 1873 when a group of investors bought a mine complex at Rio Tinto in Huelva in the spanish province of Andalucia, to exploit its copper reserves, it now is a worldwide, highly renowned company making millions in profit a year.
10.

Transnational Corporations

Transnational corporations (TNCs) are very big companies which deal world wide (global). They have an administrative HQ, a research and development establishment and productions centres in one country and at least one, but often many more, branches and/or production centres overseas. Over the past 20 years major technological advances in transport (containerisation, bulk carriers and air freight), along with developments in computerisation and communications (satellites and internet), have brought about the globalisation of the world's economy and resultant growth in size and number such as TNCs.
Approximately 90% of TNCs are based in MEDCs, especially the USA, France, Germany, the UK and Japan.
Overseas branches are in LEDCs because:

• Production costs are usually less than in MEDCs, with lower wages, cheaper land and lower transport costs.
• Governments of LEDCs want to host TNCs as they often encourage further economic development (multiplier effect), and so they offer financial incentives such as low rates and taxes.

Recently, firms in newly industrialised countries (NICs), especially in the 'tiger economies'  of Eastern Asia, which produce machinery, electronics and cars, have become TNCs. As wage costs have risen in their home countries they have extended 

Globalisation and Migration

I think globalisation is the world wide trade and use of products and how the world works in unison, for example you can eat a meal which is from Germany whilst playing on your Chinese made iPad.

The appearance of large TNCs with diverse business interests literally spread across the globe.

The growth of regional economic or trading blocs, such as the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). By encouraging free trade between member countries, the barrie effects of national boundaries are broken down. In short, there is much more global trade.

The development of modern transport networks (air, land and sea) capable of moving people, commodities quickly and relatively cheaply. Due mainly to the aircraft, physical distanced worldwide are much less important. We live in a 'shrinking world'

Advances in information technology and communication technology mean that important data and decisions can be whizzed around the globe in a matter of seconds. A TNC with its headquarters in London or another major city can closely monitor market trends around the world. It can easily check up on what is happening in its branch offices and factories scattered around the globe. Decisions can be quickly transmitted.

Due to these points the world has come to be known as the global village, we see this in the

Coastal sand dunes

When the water goes out the wind blows the sand which causes it to accumulate, making coastal sand dunes.
The main threats of sand dunes are interception of longshore drift due to the construction of jetties, conversion into agricultural land, drinking water abstraction, levelling for industrial development, afforesstation, removal of sand for mineral extraction, Visitor pressure (people walking on them etc) and pollution.

Coral Reefs

Factors affecting Coral Reefs

Climate Change

One factor believed to be the greatest threat to reefs is climate change. When severe weather events increase in frequency, this causes rises in both sea temperatures and sea levels. The problem with water temperatures rising is that coral reefs need to sustain a sea temperature between 73 and 84 degrees F to sustain growth. 

Pollution

Coral reefs are strongly affected by humans and their pollution. Boating and even coming into contact with coral reefs can cause damage to the ecosystem. Discarding rubbish can cause a huge impact on the environment; turtles can sometimes mistake plastic shopping bags for jellyfish and eat them, causing the creature to starve to death by blocking its digestive tract.

Overfishing and Blast Fishing

Fish might taste delicious but catching too many can be harmful to a coral reef. It can be difficult for a species to sustain life when too many fish are taken from one area. Overfishing of herbivorous fish can also lead to a reef having high levels of algal growth. Another factor affecting coral reefs is blast fishing. This practice involves catching fish by using explosives to blow apart sections of a coral reef.

Disease Outbreaks

Coral reefs are susceptible to disease outbreaks caused by stress, which include the presence of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Some of the diseases found in coral reefs include white-band and black-band disease. White-band disease involves tissue peeling away from coral and the skeleton of the reef being colonized by algae. Black-band disease is caused by bacteria moving along the reef and destroying the tissue.

Location

Coral reefs flourish in shallow areas (less than 120ft, or 37m) in tropical latitudes, or where warm ocean currents flow into more temperate areas. In deeper waters, not enough light penetrates the depths, which means the reef's main food producers, algae and plankton, cannot photosynthesise.

Unfinished questions

Coastal Management at Lyme Regis
1.
a. Clays, sand and muds.
b. Limestone and shale.
c. The old sea wall and groynes offer little protection due to being eroded away.
d. Some of the houses have been damaged due to the movement of the map.
2.
- Its a good tourist location, bringing money to the area.
- Peoples houses are being damaged
- It will pay for itself in tourism.
3.
N/A
4.Hard engineering because its long term and protects houses well. It will cause short term problems though such as lack of access. It will improve visual  quality, which helps tourism.
5.
Lyme Regis could do a reactive response, fixing the land as and when it gets damaged.
6.
N/A
7.

Depositional Features

Depositional features 

In a coastal environment, deposition results in the accumulation of sand and shingle along a coastline. This happens when the swash is stronger then the backswash. Depending on how and where the sediment is deposited, a variety of landforms can be produced.

Spits

A spit is a stretch of sand or shingle extending from the mainland out to sea. They develop where there is a sudden change in the shape of the coastline such as at a headland. Longshore drift transports beach sediment along a coastline. Longshore drift continues to transport material in the same direction rather than following the coastline. This transports the material out to sea. As the strength of the drift weakens away from the coastline, the sediment is deposited.

Bars and Lagoon

If the bay between two headlands is blocked off by a spit then that spit is known as a bar. The body of water behind the bar is known as a lagoon.

An example of a bar is Slapton Ley in Devon.

Tombolos 

Sometimes a spit extends far enough out to sea to join a coastal island to the mainland. When it does so, the spit is known as a tombolo. An example of this is Chesil beach which joins the Isle of Portland to the south of mainland Britain.

Cuspate forelands

Cuspate forelands, also known as cuspate barriers or nesses in Britain , are geographical features found on coastlines and lakeshores that are created primarily by long shore drift.

Erosional landforms: Wave cut Platform

Cliffs are a common feature of the british coastline, and due to the soft rock cliffs in certain areas such as sandstone it erodes easily, although signs of this are left behind such as wave cut platforms and arches, stacks and stumps.
The process of cliff erosion

1. Weather weakens the top of the cliff.
2. The sea attacks the base of the cliff forming a wave-cut notch.
3. The notch increases in size causing the cliff to collapse.
4. The backwash carries the rubble towards the sea forming a wave-cut platform.
5. The process repeats and the cliff continues to retreat.

Coastal Erosion

There are four forms of coastal erosion, which can be put into the term C.A.S.H, which stands for Corrosion, Attrition, Solution and Hydraulic action.

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps also form on the sides of headlands as a result of destructive waves. Any of the faults in the cliff are particularly weakened and diminished by hydraulic action and abrasion.  This can lead the the opening of a cave, and if it is enlarged enough to reach the other side of the/a headland it can cause a arch. If continued the arch will eventually collapse creating a stack, and when that gets eroded there is eventually a stump.

Factors affecting coasts

The four main factors affecting coasts are Geology, vegetation, sea-level changes and human activities.

Geology: Depending of which material the coastline is made of can affect the time of erosion, and will erode much quicker if the coast is weak and made of rocks such as clays and sand, whereas if the coast is made of a more resistant, harder rock it will not erode so quickly.

Vegetation: Helps the protect the coastline, by holding it together with the roots from plants.

Sea-level changes: Low lying coasts are being drowned by rising sea-levels caused by global warming, this is a large problem since the worlds most densely populated areas are.

Sea-level changes: Low lying coasts are being drowned by rising sea-levels caused by global warming, this is a large problem since the worlds most densely populated areas are.