Globalisation and Migration

I think globalisation is the world wide trade and use of products and how the world works in unison, for example you can eat a meal which is from Germany whilst playing on your Chinese made iPad.

The appearance of large TNCs with diverse business interests literally spread across the globe.

The growth of regional economic or trading blocs, such as the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). By encouraging free trade between member countries, the barrie effects of national boundaries are broken down. In short, there is much more global trade.

The development of modern transport networks (air, land and sea) capable of moving people, commodities quickly and relatively cheaply. Due mainly to the aircraft, physical distanced worldwide are much less important. We live in a 'shrinking world'

Advances in information technology and communication technology mean that important data and decisions can be whizzed around the globe in a matter of seconds. A TNC with its headquarters in London or another major city can closely monitor market trends around the world. It can easily check up on what is happening in its branch offices and factories scattered around the globe. Decisions can be quickly transmitted.

Due to these points the world has come to be known as the global village, we see this in the

Coastal sand dunes

When the water goes out the wind blows the sand which causes it to accumulate, making coastal sand dunes.
The main threats of sand dunes are interception of longshore drift due to the construction of jetties, conversion into agricultural land, drinking water abstraction, levelling for industrial development, afforesstation, removal of sand for mineral extraction, Visitor pressure (people walking on them etc) and pollution.

Coral Reefs

Factors affecting Coral Reefs

Climate Change

One factor believed to be the greatest threat to reefs is climate change. When severe weather events increase in frequency, this causes rises in both sea temperatures and sea levels. The problem with water temperatures rising is that coral reefs need to sustain a sea temperature between 73 and 84 degrees F to sustain growth. 

Pollution

Coral reefs are strongly affected by humans and their pollution. Boating and even coming into contact with coral reefs can cause damage to the ecosystem. Discarding rubbish can cause a huge impact on the environment; turtles can sometimes mistake plastic shopping bags for jellyfish and eat them, causing the creature to starve to death by blocking its digestive tract.

Overfishing and Blast Fishing

Fish might taste delicious but catching too many can be harmful to a coral reef. It can be difficult for a species to sustain life when too many fish are taken from one area. Overfishing of herbivorous fish can also lead to a reef having high levels of algal growth. Another factor affecting coral reefs is blast fishing. This practice involves catching fish by using explosives to blow apart sections of a coral reef.

Disease Outbreaks

Coral reefs are susceptible to disease outbreaks caused by stress, which include the presence of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Some of the diseases found in coral reefs include white-band and black-band disease. White-band disease involves tissue peeling away from coral and the skeleton of the reef being colonized by algae. Black-band disease is caused by bacteria moving along the reef and destroying the tissue.

Location

Coral reefs flourish in shallow areas (less than 120ft, or 37m) in tropical latitudes, or where warm ocean currents flow into more temperate areas. In deeper waters, not enough light penetrates the depths, which means the reef's main food producers, algae and plankton, cannot photosynthesise.

Unfinished questions

Coastal Management at Lyme Regis
1.
a. Clays, sand and muds.
b. Limestone and shale.
c. The old sea wall and groynes offer little protection due to being eroded away.
d. Some of the houses have been damaged due to the movement of the map.
2.
- Its a good tourist location, bringing money to the area.
- Peoples houses are being damaged
- It will pay for itself in tourism.
3.
N/A
4.Hard engineering because its long term and protects houses well. It will cause short term problems though such as lack of access. It will improve visual  quality, which helps tourism.
5.
Lyme Regis could do a reactive response, fixing the land as and when it gets damaged.
6.
N/A
7.

Depositional Features

Depositional features 

In a coastal environment, deposition results in the accumulation of sand and shingle along a coastline. This happens when the swash is stronger then the backswash. Depending on how and where the sediment is deposited, a variety of landforms can be produced.

Spits

A spit is a stretch of sand or shingle extending from the mainland out to sea. They develop where there is a sudden change in the shape of the coastline such as at a headland. Longshore drift transports beach sediment along a coastline. Longshore drift continues to transport material in the same direction rather than following the coastline. This transports the material out to sea. As the strength of the drift weakens away from the coastline, the sediment is deposited.

Bars and Lagoon

If the bay between two headlands is blocked off by a spit then that spit is known as a bar. The body of water behind the bar is known as a lagoon.

An example of a bar is Slapton Ley in Devon.

Tombolos 

Sometimes a spit extends far enough out to sea to join a coastal island to the mainland. When it does so, the spit is known as a tombolo. An example of this is Chesil beach which joins the Isle of Portland to the south of mainland Britain.

Cuspate forelands

Cuspate forelands, also known as cuspate barriers or nesses in Britain , are geographical features found on coastlines and lakeshores that are created primarily by long shore drift.

Erosional landforms: Wave cut Platform

Cliffs are a common feature of the british coastline, and due to the soft rock cliffs in certain areas such as sandstone it erodes easily, although signs of this are left behind such as wave cut platforms and arches, stacks and stumps.
The process of cliff erosion

1. Weather weakens the top of the cliff.
2. The sea attacks the base of the cliff forming a wave-cut notch.
3. The notch increases in size causing the cliff to collapse.
4. The backwash carries the rubble towards the sea forming a wave-cut platform.
5. The process repeats and the cliff continues to retreat.

Coastal Erosion

There are four forms of coastal erosion, which can be put into the term C.A.S.H, which stands for Corrosion, Attrition, Solution and Hydraulic action.

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps also form on the sides of headlands as a result of destructive waves. Any of the faults in the cliff are particularly weakened and diminished by hydraulic action and abrasion.  This can lead the the opening of a cave, and if it is enlarged enough to reach the other side of the/a headland it can cause a arch. If continued the arch will eventually collapse creating a stack, and when that gets eroded there is eventually a stump.